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350-马基雅维利为何认为人民再蠢也比精英可靠?

July 15, 2026 · 3 min

Show notes

提起马基雅维利,人们通常只想到《君主论》,想到阴谋、欺骗、残酷以及统治者如何保住权力。但在更重要的《论李维》中,马基雅维利提出了一个真正具有现代性的政治判断:人民未必聪明、理性或高尚,却往往比君主和精英更适合成为自由政体的基础。人民会冲动、轻信、被煽动,也可能因为渴望自由而亲手拥立强人;然而贵族同样虚荣、贪婪、残酷,而且拥有更多把私人欲望转化为公共压迫的资源。马基雅维利因此不再追问谁天生更有美德,而是追问谁的欲望更危险、谁应当受到怎样的制度约束。人民只希望不被统治,精英却希望统治别人;人民并不天然正确,但精英更不天然高贵。本期读书会从《君主论》与《论李维》的文本出发,讨论马基雅维利如何颠覆古典政治哲学对群众的轻蔑,并把人民从政治秩序中的泥土,重新理解为共和国自由真正的地基。


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