English Learning for Curious Minds | A More Interesting Way To Learn English

English Learning for Curious Minds | A More Interesting Way To Learn English

New#639 | What’s Wrong With Italy’s Economy?October 23, 2026 · 26 min
Episodes
321
Released
every two weeks
Latest episode
Oct 23, 2026

About the podcast

Are you looking for a more interesting way to learn English? English Learning for Curious Minds is an English podcast for intermediate and advanced English learners who want to improve their English listening while learning weird and wonderful things about the world. If you want to learn English naturally, improve your English listening skills, and discover fascinating ideas at the same time, this podcast is for you. Every episode helps you improve your English through interesting stories, history, psychology, business, culture, science, and strange-but-true events from around the world. Instead of textbook exercises or boring grammar drills, you’ll learn English through ideas worth talking about. This is an English-learning podcast for curious adults — people who want to build confidence in English, improve listening comprehension, expand vocabulary in context, and enjoy the process of learning. This podcast is spoken in clear, British English. Whether you want English listening practice, vocabulary in context, or simply a way to learn through ideas worth talking about, you'll find episodes designed for intermediate to advanced learners and spoken at a speed you can understand. Every episode comes with: * Interactive transcripts * Subtitles * Key vocabulary explanations * Bonus learning materials * PDF study packs You’ll hear episodes about history, psychology, language, business, habits, strange stories, culture, communication, and the ideas that shape how people think and behave — all designed to help you improve your English naturally. Questions we help listeners answer include: * How can I improve my English listening? * How can I learn English without boring textbooks? * What is the best English podcast for intermediate learners? * How can I build vocabulary in context? * How can I stay motivated while learning English? Join listeners in 189 countries and discover a more interesting way to learn English. Find bonus episodes, interactive transcripts, subtitles, vocabulary explanations, and more at www.leonardoenglish.com

Episodes 321

  1. #639 | What’s Wrong With Italy’s Economy?

    26 min

    Italy builds Ferraris and Lamborghinis, welcomes millions of tourists, and produces food, fashion and design admired around the world. Yet beneath all that beauty, its economy has spent decades running without …

    Show notes


    Italy builds Ferraris and Lamborghinis, welcomes millions of tourists, and produces food, fashion and design admired around the world.


    Yet beneath all that beauty, its economy has spent decades running without going anywhere. What went wrong, and what, if anything, can be done about it?


    • Italy’s unification: a poor agricultural economy
    • Post-war economic miracle: Fiat, Vespa and Olivetti
    • Small family firms drive industrial growth
    • Lira devaluation keeps Italian exports competitive
    • Rising public debt during the 1980s
    • Euro membership removes currency devaluation
    • Productivity stagnation after the computer age begins
    • Small firms, bureaucracy and family management
    • Temporary contracts divide younger and older workers
    • Brain drain, low births and an ageing population

    Full interactive transcript, subtitles and key vocabulary available on the website: https://www.leonardoenglish.com/podcasts/italy-economy

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  2. #636 | Victor Lustig: The Man Who Sold the Eiffel Tower

    25 min

    In 1925, Victor Lustig convinced a Paris scrap-metal dealer that the French government was selling the Eiffel Tower. His secret was a mixture of official papers, careful acting, and victims too embarrassed to …

    Show notes


    In 1925, Victor Lustig convinced a Paris scrap-metal dealer that the French government was selling the Eiffel Tower.


    His secret was a mixture of official papers, careful acting, and victims too embarrassed to report him.


    He later returned to Paris and tried to sell it again.


    • Victor Lustig reads that Paris may dismantle the rusting Eiffel Tower
    • Born in Bohemia, Lustig learns languages, gambles and develops his skill at deception
    • On Atlantic liners, he persuades wealthy passengers to invest in imaginary projects
    • In America, he sells a fake money-printing box containing hidden real banknotes
    • A Texas sheriff confronts Lustig, then receives counterfeit money as compensation
    • Lustig uses forged ministry letters to invite scrap metal dealers to his hotel
    • André Poisson buys the Eiffel Tower and pays Lustig a bribe
    • Poisson stays silent from shame, so Lustig returns to attempt the scam again
    • Lustig tricks Al Capone into paying him for returning an untouched investment
    • Police arrest Lustig for counterfeiting; after escaping, he is recaptured and imprisoned

    Full interactive transcript, subtitles and key vocabulary available on the website: https://www.leonardoenglish.com/podcasts/sold-eiffel-tower

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  3. #634 | Nuclear Power's Unlikely Comeback

    24 min

    Nuclear power was meant to disappear in much of Europe, but Germany, Belgium and Italy are changing their minds. Rising energy demand, climate concerns and artificial intelligence are making old reactors and …

    Show notes


    Nuclear power was meant to disappear in much of Europe, but Germany, Belgium and Italy are changing their minds.


    Rising energy demand, climate concerns and artificial intelligence are making old reactors and new designs attractive again.


    • Germany’s Chancellor admits closing nuclear plants was a serious strategic mistake
    • Belgium cancels its nuclear shutdown law and plans longer reactor use
    • Italy approves plans to return to nuclear power after decades of bans
    • Energy security and climate needs make nuclear support grow across political groups
    • Wind and solar need nuclear’s steady electricity when weather conditions change
    • AI data centres increase electricity demand and face long waits for grid connections
    • Technology companies fund reactors, including Microsoft restarting a Three Mile Island reactor
    • High construction costs delay projects, while governments support financing and smaller reactors
    • Finland prepares deep underground nuclear waste storage, designed to last 100,000 years
    • Fusion investment grows, promising low-carbon power without a possible reactor meltdown

    Full interactive transcript, subtitles and key vocabulary available on the website: https://www.leonardoenglish.com/podcasts/nuclear-comeback

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  4. #631 | The Dark Side of Psychology | The Milgram Experiment

    27 min

    In 1961, psychologist Stanley Milgram tested how far ordinary Americans would go when an authority figure told them to hurt someone. His disturbing experiment revealed the power of obedience and raised …

    Show notes


    In 1961, psychologist Stanley Milgram tested how far ordinary Americans would go when an authority figure told them to hurt someone.


    His disturbing experiment revealed the power of obedience and raised frightening questions about how easily good people can do terrible things.


    • Adolf Eichmann's trial and the banality of evil
    • Stanley Milgram studies obedience to authority at Yale
    • Volunteers deceived with teacher and learner roles
    • Shock machine with rising volts and scripted learner reactions
    • Experimenter prompts encourage teachers to continue
    • Sixty-five per cent gave the maximum 450-volt shock
    • Variations test authority setting proximity and peer dissent
    • Factors include authority distance and gradual escalation
    • Ethical debates and belief in real shocks
    • 2009 replication and the agentic state concept

    Full interactive transcript, subtitles and key vocabulary available on the website: https://www.leonardoenglish.com/podcasts/milgram-experiment

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  5. #629 | “Please, Sir, I Want Some More": The Truth About Victorian Workhouses

    23 min

    Charles Dickens made the Victorian workhouse famous, but the reality behind Oliver Twist was even worse than fiction. This episode tells how workhouses treated Britain’s poorest people, and how pensions and the …

    Show notes


    Charles Dickens made the Victorian workhouse famous, but the reality behind Oliver Twist was even worse than fiction.


    This episode tells how workhouses treated Britain’s poorest people, and how pensions and the welfare state finally replaced them.


    • Oliver Twist and the image of hunger in workhouses
    • Early poor relief and rising costs during the Industrial Revolution
    • 1832 Royal Commission and 1834 Act creating national workhouses
    • The harsh idea of less eligibility as a warning
    • Who ended up in workhouses: the elderly, sick children, and women
    • Small meals, family separation, and hard work like treadmills
    • Andover scandal: starving people and an abusive, drunken master
    • Charlie Chaplin's childhood in the workhouse
    • Reforms pensions: National Insurance and 1948 changes
    • Ongoing debates about welfare and supporting vulnerable people

    Full interactive transcript, subtitles and key vocabulary available on the website: https://www.leonardoenglish.com/podcasts/victorian-workhouses

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  6. #626 | The Strange Story of Punch and Judy

    26 min

    He wears a red hat, carries a stick, and laughs as he beats almost everyone he meets. This episode tells the odd, violent story of Punch and Judy, the puppet show that began in Italy and became a British …

    Show notes


    He wears a red hat, carries a stick, and laughs as he beats almost everyone he meets.


    This episode tells the odd, violent story of Punch and Judy, the puppet show that began in Italy and became a British seaside symbol.


    It looks at how Mr Punch survived for over 300 years, and why many now question whether he still belongs on the beach.


    • The swazzle and Mr Punch's strange squeaky voice
    • Italian street theatre origins and Pulcinella
    • Arrival in London in 1662 with Samuel Pepys
    • From marionettes to glove puppets and slapstick action
    • The 1828 book and forgery doubts
    • Judy, the baby, the policeman, the crocodile and the devil
    • Violent plot and the "That's the way to do it!" catchphrase
    • Rise at the seaside with Victorian railways
    • Mr Punch and the humour magazine Punch
    • Modern decline, criticism, attempts to modernise, and an uncertain future

    Full interactive transcript, subtitles and key vocabulary available on the website: https://www.leonardoenglish.com/podcasts/punch-and-judy

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  7. #624 | George III: The Real Story of the “Mad King”

    26 min

    In 1788, King George III began speaking without pause, talking to trees, and frightening his court. He is often remembered as the “Mad King” who lost America, but his life was far more complex and tragic. This …

    Show notes


    In 1788, King George III began speaking without pause, talking to trees, and frightening his court.

    He is often remembered as the “Mad King” who lost America, but his life was far more complex and tragic.

    This episode looks at the devoted farmer-king, his mysterious illness, and what doctors now believe was really wrong with him.

    • George III beyond the mad king stereotype
    • Early life and becoming a British not German king
    • Farmer George habits and love of family and science
    • Seven Years War victory and heavy debts for Britain
    • Missteps leading to American Revolution and independence
    • His limited power as a constitutional monarch
    • Onset of illness in 1788 and disturbing behaviour
    • Brutal treatments by Francis Willis and their harm
    • French Revolution pressure and long wars with Napoleon
    • Later decline, Regency, and death at Windsor Castle


    Full interactive transcript, subtitles and key vocabulary available on the website: https://www.leonardoenglish.com/podcasts/george-iii


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  8. #622 | A Short History of Fire

    25 min

    A million years ago, in a cave in South Africa, our ancestors did something no other animal has ever done: they controlled fire. Fire cooked our food, shrank our guts, grew our brains, and gave us the deep …

    Show notes


    A million years ago, in a cave in South Africa, our ancestors did something no other animal has ever done: they controlled fire.


    Fire cooked our food, shrank our guts, grew our brains, and gave us the deep sleep and fireside stories that made us human.


    This is the story of our species' oldest technology, and how the same flames that built the modern world may now threaten it.


    • Wonderwerk Cave evidence of controlled fire by Homo erectus
    • Early humans managed fire for warmth, light and safety
    • Cooking increased calories, shrinking guts and growing brains
    • Chimps prefer cooked food but cannot make fire
    • Fire enabled deep sleep on the ground, improving memory
    • Night fires fostered storytelling, language, imagination and community bonds
    • Fire shaped domestic roles and early pair bonding theories
    • Humans learnt to make fire by striking and friction
    • From wood to coal and oil, powering industrial transformation
    • Environmental costs from burning fossil fuels

    Full interactive transcript, subtitles and key vocabulary available on the website: https://www.leonardoenglish.com/podcasts/history-of-fire

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  9. #619 | Wyatt Earp | The Man Behind the Legend (English Listening Practice)

    23 min

    In 1881, a 30-second gunfight in Tombstone, Arizona made Wyatt Earp a legend of the Wild West. Earp was a gambler, a lawman, a fugitive, and later a showman who told his own legend for cash. So who fired first …

    Show notes


    In 1881, a 30-second gunfight in Tombstone, Arizona made Wyatt Earp a legend of the Wild West.

    Earp was a gambler, a lawman, a fugitive, and later a showman who told his own legend for cash.

    So who fired first at the OK Corral, and how did Hollywood turn a frontier opportunist into a symbol of American justice?

    • The gunfight at the OK Corral in Tombstone
    • Background on the Wild West and fast-growing frontier towns
    • Wyatt Earp was hunter, driver, gambler, brothel keeper
    • The Cowboys held power and feuded with the Earps
    • Conflicting accounts of who fired first and surrender attempts
    • Trial cleared the Earps but the town stayed divided
    • Attacks on Virgil and Morgan, then Wyatt Earp took revenge
    • Earp fled Arizona, wandered West running saloons and gambling
    • Boxing scandal damaged his name across the country
    • Hollywood and a book remade him as a hero


    Full interactive transcript, subtitles and key vocabulary available on the website: https://www.leonardoenglish.com/podcasts/wyatt-earp


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  10. #617 | Bob Denard: The Mercenary Who Ruled the Comoros (English Listening Practice)

    25 min

    In 1975, a French mercenary landed in the Comoros, a chain of small islands off East Africa, and decided he was going to run the place. Bob Denard staged four coups, converted to Islam, built a farm, and …

    Show notes


    In 1975, a French mercenary landed in the Comoros, a chain of small islands off East Africa, and decided he was going to run the place.

    Bob Denard staged four coups, converted to Islam, built a farm, and controlled the country from the shadows for over a decade.

    It was a story of Cold War deals, shifting loyalties, and one last coup that ended his run.

    • Location and poverty of the Comoros Islands
    • French rule and 1975 independence under Ahmed Abdallah
    • First coup by French mercenary Robert Denard
    • Denard's mercenary past and French Africa links
    • Ali Soilih's radical rule and the Moissy youth militia
    • 1978 coup restores Abdallah and Soilih killed
    • Denard becomes Comorian farmer and leads Presidential Guard
    • 1989 power struggle and suspicious death of Ahmed Abdallah
    • 1995 final coup and French Operation Azalee intervention
    • Denard's trial and death in 2007


    Full interactive transcript, subtitles and key vocabulary available on the website: https://www.leonardoenglish.com/podcasts/bob-denard


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  11. #614 | The Conquest of Ireland: How England Never Left (English Listening Practice)

    32 min

    How did a small band of Norman soldiers in 1170 begin 800 years of English control over Ireland? It started as a deal between rival Irish kings. It ended in plantation, dispossession, and a divided island. This …

    Show notes


    How did a small band of Norman soldiers in 1170 begin 800 years of English control over Ireland?

    It started as a deal between rival Irish kings. It ended in plantation, dispossession, and a divided island.

    This is the story of how a short-term alliance became a centuries-long occupation, and why it still shapes politics in Ireland today.

    • Anglo-Normans enter Ireland: Diarmait seeks Strongbow’s help.
    • Henry II claims authority; Dublin-centred foothold established.
    • The Pale forms; Normans adopt Irish ways, Old English.
    • Henry VIII breaks with Rome; declares himself King of Ireland.
    • Surrender and regrant changes land and inheritance rules.
    • Elizabeth I’s conquest; Nine Years’ War threatens English control.
    • Battle of Kinsale defeat; O’Neill’s submission follows.
    • Flight of the Earls ends Gaelic political power.
    • Plantation of Ulster seeds division leading to later partition.
    • Cromwell’s massacres; “To Hell or to Connacht” resettlement.


    Full interactive transcript, subtitles and key vocabulary available on the website: https://www.leonardoenglish.com/podcasts/conquest-of-ireland


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  12. #612 | Should Britain Abolish Jury Trials? (English Listening Practice)

    24 min

    Who should decide if you are guilty: the state, or a group of 12 ordinary citizens? England is now considering getting rid of jury trials for thousands of cases. It would be the biggest change to the justice …

    Show notes


    Who should decide if you are guilty: the state, or a group of 12 ordinary citizens?

    England is now considering getting rid of jury trials for thousands of cases. It would be the biggest change to the justice system since the Middle Ages.

    • Crown Court backlog: years-long waits for trials.
    • Government bill to limit juries for mid-level offences.
    • Serious crimes still keep juries: murder, rape, terrorism.
    • Legal community warns against losing a key safeguard.
    • How jury trials work in England and Wales.
    • England uses juries; Europe uses judge-led trials.
    • History: Athens, Assize of Clarendon, Magna Carta.
    • Purpose of juries: legitimacy, independence, protect against state power.
    • Jury nullification shown: Penn, Ponting, Bristol Colston statue.
    • Debate: efficiency versus rights, slippery slope concerns.


    Full interactive transcript, subtitles and key vocabulary available on the website: https://www.leonardoenglish.com/podcasts/jury-trials


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  13. #609 | A Short History of Blasphemy in Britain (English Listening Practice)

    22 min

    When Thomas Aikenhead was hanged in 1697 for questioning the Bible, it was the last time someone was executed for blasphemy in Britain. But it didn't mean that debates around blasphemy went away. In this …

    Show notes


    When Thomas Aikenhead was hanged in 1697 for questioning the Bible, it was the last time someone was executed for blasphemy in Britain. But it didn't mean that debates around blasphemy went away.

    In this episode, we'll trace the history of blasphemy in Britain, and discover how debates about insulting religion still shape British law and public life today.

    • Thomas Aikenhead: last execution for blasphemy in Britain, 1697.
    • Blasphemy’s Greek roots: harmful speech, not originally religious.
    • Church and Crown fused; blasphemy protected political order.
    • Percy Shelley expelled for publishing The Necessity of Atheism.
    • Richard Carlile imprisoned for publishing Paine’s The Age of Reason.
    • 1977 Gay News case: editor convicted for blasphemous poem.
    • Life of Brian controversy showed debate still alive.
    • Blasphemy law protected Christianity only; Muslims unprotected during Rushdie.
    • 2008 abolition followed debate: protect people, not ideas.
    • Tahir Ali proposed new blasphemy law; government rejected.


    Full interactive transcript, subtitles and key vocabulary available on the website: https://www.leonardoenglish.com/podcasts/blasphemy-britain


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  14. #607 | The Life of JD Vance (English Listening Practice)

    26 min

    JD Vance grew up in a struggling Ohio town, escaped poverty, and wrote a memoir that made him famous across the world. Then, having spent years attacking Donald Trump, he became his most loyal ally — and, in …

    Show notes


    JD Vance grew up in a struggling Ohio town, escaped poverty, and wrote a memoir that made him famous across the world.

    Then, having spent years attacking Donald Trump, he became his most loyal ally — and, in January 2025, Vice President of the United States.

    In this episode, we look at the life, the book, and the unlikely journey of one of the most controversial figures in American politics.

    • Hillbilly Elegy explains Rust Belt; 2016 spotlight, bestseller, film
    • Chosen as Trump’s running mate for Vice President
    • Tough childhood in Ohio; addiction, instability, grandparents’ support
    • Military gave structure; Ohio State, Yale Law, mentors, memoir
    • Backed by Peter Thiel; critics question working-class image
    • From Trump critic to ally; won Ohio Senate seat
    • America First ideas: sceptical on Ukraine aid, protect manufacturing
    • Very conservative socially; anti-abortion, pro-family, strict immigration
    • Seen as 2028 favourite; young potential future president
    • Debate: does he truly understand and represent working-class America?


    Full interactive transcript, subtitles and key vocabulary available on the website: https://www.leonardoenglish.com/podcasts/jd-vance


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  15. #604 | Otto Warmbier: The American Tourist Who Never Came Home (English Listening Practice)

    26 min

    In 2016, a 21-year-old American student was arrested in North Korea after allegedly stealing a political poster. Weeks later, he appeared in a strange public confession and was sentenced to fifteen years of …

    Show notes


    In 2016, a 21-year-old American student was arrested in North Korea after allegedly stealing a political poster.

    Weeks later, he appeared in a strange public confession and was sentenced to fifteen years of hard labour.

    Seventeen months on, he returned home in a coma, raising disturbing questions about what really happened behind closed doors.

    • Otto Warmbier detained at Pyongyang airport after tour.
    • Background on North Korea’s strict control and harsh punishments.
    • Claimed theft of political banner; confession likely forced.
    • Evidence doubts: grainy CCTV, timing issues, unlikely church plot.
    • One-hour trial; sentenced to fifteen years’ hard labour.
    • Seventeen months with little information; Sweden helped with messages.
    • Released in coma; food poisoning doubted; died six days later.
    • Public reaction: parents, Fox interviews, Trump’s changing position.
    • Theories: accident, suicide attempt, lack of oxygen; truth unknown.
    • Travel bans followed; lesson on North Korea’s cruelty.


    Full interactive transcript, subtitles and key vocabulary available on the website: https://www.leonardoenglish.com/podcasts/otto-warmbier


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  16. #602 | AI & Learning English in 2026 (English Listening Practice)

    26 min

    Ever since ChatGPT was released, people have declared the "death of language learning". It still hasn't happened. Today, we'll look at how AI can help with reading, writing, listening, and speaking in 2026, and …

    Show notes


    Ever since ChatGPT was released, people have declared the "death of language learning". It still hasn't happened.


    Today, we'll look at how AI can help with reading, writing, listening, and speaking in 2026, and where it still falls short.


    Can AI really make you fluent at English in 2026?


    • AI and English learning: what changed since 2022.
    • Input versus output: a simpler skills framework.
    • Reading help: summaries, explanations, but avoid passive learning.
    • Guess first, then ask AI to check.
    • Listening: better AI voices, but prefer real human audio.
    • Use AI to scaffold podcasts into active learning.
    • Writing: get feedback, not AI-written text.
    • Self-correct first, then see fixes with explanations.
    • Speaking: use AI for rehearsal, not as replacement.
    • Consistency beats tools; do real English daily.


    Full interactive transcript, subtitles and key vocabulary available on the website: https://www.leonardoenglish.com/podcasts/ai-learning-english

    Try FixMyEnglish: www.fixmyenglish.ai


    ChatGPT + Podcasts = English Fluency? Try These 12 Prompts: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tM0zLtfXVOU


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  17. #599 | Man's Best Friend: The Remarkable History of Dogs (English Listening Practice)

    24 min

    Why do dogs understand us so well, and how did the "wild" wolf become man's closest companion? This episode tells the remarkable story of how a partnership thousands of years ago changed both species forever …

    Show notes


    Why do dogs understand us so well, and how did the "wild" wolf become man's closest companion? This episode tells the remarkable story of how a partnership thousands of years ago changed both species forever.

    From ancient myths to modern living rooms, it shows how dogs helped build human civilisation and captured our hearts.

    • The story of Argos, Odysseus' loyal hunting dog
    • Friendlier Ice Age wolves scavenged leftovers and formed a partnership.
    • Dogs read human signals; puppy dog eyes win care.
    • Tameness changed bodies and diet, including starch digestion.
    • Fox experiment proved tameness reshapes bodies within generations.
    • Working dogs helped herding, travel, and growing settlements.
    • Dogs used in war and as status symbols.
    • Ancient grave shows care for a sick dog.
    • Victorians made dogs pets; Kennel Club set breeds.
    • After war, pet dogs spread; today ownership and spending soar.


    Full interactive transcript, subtitles and key vocabulary available on the website: https://www.leonardoenglish.com/podcasts/dogs


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  18. #597 | The Global Housing Crisis Explained (English Listening Practice)

    29 min

    House prices have soared across the world, rising far faster than wages and locking many people out of home ownership. This episode looks at why cheap credit, global investors, short-term rentals, and slow …

    Show notes


    House prices have soared across the world, rising far faster than wages and locking many people out of home ownership.

    This episode looks at why cheap credit, global investors, short-term rentals, and slow building have pushed prices ever higher.

    It also asks whether governments can really fix the problem, or if expensive housing is the new normal.

    • How house prices have outpaced wages since late 1990s.
    • Cheap credit and low interest rates drove prices higher.
    • 2008 crisis; policies kept prices from falling much.
    • Homes treated as a global safe asset for investors.
    • Demand outstrips supply: planning, NIMBY, limited land.
    • Rising costs, labour shortages, and developers holding land constrained building.
    • Population changes, migration, and smaller households increased demand.
    • Higher interest rates raised mortgages; prices stayed high from lock-in.
    • Local factors: Airbnb and visa schemes pushed prices up.
    • Housing wealth passed down; family help now often essential.
    • Are there any solutions?


    Full interactive transcript, subtitles and key vocabulary available on the website: https://www.leonardoenglish.com/podcasts/global-housing-crisis


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  19. #594 | Mohammed Bin Salman & The Rise of Saudi Arabia (English Listening Practice)

    30 min

    For decades, Saudi Arabia was ruled by ageing princes, until one young royal began changing the system from within. This episode tells the story of Mohammed bin Salman, and how he rose rapidly to become Saudi …

    Show notes


    For decades, Saudi Arabia was ruled by ageing princes, until one young royal began changing the system from within.

    This episode tells the story of Mohammed bin Salman, and how he rose rapidly to become Saudi Arabia’s most powerful figure.

    • Saudi royal family is huge; succession once moved between brothers.
    • Pressure grew to pass power to a younger generation.
    • Mohammed bin Salman’s early life, connections, and growing ambition.
    • His father becomes king; MBS controls money and army.
    • MBS replaces Mohammed bin Nayef as Crown Prince, 2017.
    • Ritz-Carlton purge targets princes, businessmen; power and assets seized.
    • Vision 2030: modernise society, move economy beyond oil.
    • Global investments and NEOM aim to change Saudi image.
    • Opponents targeted; Khashoggi murder shocks the world.
    • Women driving, cinemas reopen; activists jailed, Yemen war continues.


    Full interactive transcript, subtitles and key vocabulary available on the website: https://www.leonardoenglish.com/podcasts/mohammed-bin-salman


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  20. #592 | A Beginner’s Guide To British Politics (English Listening Practice)

    28 min

    British politics can feel confusing, with a king, a Prime Minister, and noisy debates in an old building. This episode explains how the system works, from Parliament and voting to why two parties have ruled for …

    Show notes


    British politics can feel confusing, with a king, a Prime Minister, and noisy debates in an old building.

    This episode explains how the system works, from Parliament and voting to why two parties have ruled for so long.

    • Magna Carta and early Parliament shaped British politics.
    • Westminster: Parliament's home with Commons and Lords.
    • Parliament: Commons of elected MPs, Lords of appointed members.
    • Monarch's role: ceremonial, appoints PM, opens Parliament.
    • Voting system: constituencies and First Past the Post.
    • Two-party dominance challenged by rising Reform party.
    • Forming governments, general elections, choosing the Prime Minister.
    • MPs' duties, constituency work, and Prime Minister’s Questions.
    • Leadership contests and votes of no confidence.
    • Devolution: Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland; West Lothian Question.


    Full interactive transcript, subtitles and key vocabulary available on the website: https://www.leonardoenglish.com/podcasts/guide-british-politics


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  21. #590 | The Unabomber | The Story of Ted Kaczynski (English Listening Practice)

    28 min

    He was a mathematical genius who vanished into the wilderness... and became one of America’s most notorious terrorists. In this episode, we'll explore the life of the Unabomber, the manifesto that finally …

    Show notes


    He was a mathematical genius who vanished into the wilderness... and became one of America’s most notorious terrorists.

    In this episode, we'll explore the life of the Unabomber, the manifesto that finally exposed him, and the manhunt that lasted 17 years.

    • 1995 newspapers publish manifesto; FBI hopes someone recognises author.
    • Manifesto argues technology enslaves and crushes freedom.
    • David Kaczynski recognises his brother’s writing style.
    • Ted’s childhood genius, social isolation, and a Harvard study.
    • Leaves academia; Montana cabin life fuels anti-technology radicalisation.
    • Bombings kill three, injure twenty-three; targets linked to technology.
    • Long, expensive manhunt; few clues for years.
    • Language analysis helps arrest; cabin raid finds crucial evidence.
    • Trial, plea deal, life sentences, death in 2023.
    • Anti-technology message spreads online, despite his original intentions.


    Full interactive transcript, subtitles and key vocabulary available on the website: https://www.leonardoenglish.com/podcasts/unabomber


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  22. #587 | The Curious Tradition of Words of the Year (English Listening Practice)

    21 min

    What do “truthiness”, “selfie”, and “goblin mode” have in common? In this episode, we'll see how Words of the Year are chosen, look at some of the most pertinent from history, and explore the winners of this …

    Show notes


    What do “truthiness”, “selfie”, and “goblin mode” have in common?

    In this episode, we'll see how Words of the Year are chosen, look at some of the most pertinent from history, and explore the winners of this year's prize.

    • What "Word of the Year" means
    • How dictionaries choose: data and expert judgement
    • Sometimes a public vote decides the winner
    • Common themes: politics, culture, technology, internet language
    • 2005 "truthiness": feels true, not actually true
    • 2013 "selfie": rise of phone photos of yourself
    • 2016 "post-truth": emotions beat facts in politics
    • 2022 "goblin mode": lazy, messy, not sorry attitude
    • 2025 "6 7": young people's meme with unclear meaning
    • Collins winner "vibe coding": using AI to write code


    Full interactive transcript, subtitles and key vocabulary available on the website: https://www.leonardoenglish.com/podcasts/2025-words-of-the-year


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  23. #585 | Is AI Really Destroying the Planet?

    21 min

    Is AI really a disaster for the environment, or are the fears exaggerated? In this episode, we'll discuss the environmental cost of Artificial Intelligence. From a water controversy in Scotland to the heat of …

    Show notes


    Is AI really a disaster for the environment, or are the fears exaggerated?


    In this episode, we'll discuss the environmental cost of Artificial Intelligence.


    From a water controversy in Scotland to the heat of Arizona, we look at how much energy AI really needs, and whether we should be worried.


    • BBC report on AI water use in Scotland.
    • Scotland's data centres use 0.005% of water supply.
    • What data centres are; cooling also uses energy.
    • AI requests create answers, needing powerful chips and energy.
    • Each query uses tiny energy, CO2, and water.
    • Headlines exaggerate AI's impact; context shows minimal effect.
    • Data centres use 1.5% of global electricity.
    • One burger's water equals millions of AI queries.
    • Energy source matters; location and water scarcity change impact.
    • AI use growing fast, but efficiency improving a lot.

    Full interactive transcript, subtitles and key vocabulary available on the website: https://www.leonardoenglish.com/podcasts/ai-vs-planet

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  24. #582 | Piazza Fontana & The Accidental Death of An Anarchist

    26 min

    A deadly bomb. A death in a police station. A secret kept from the public. In 1969, an explosion in Milan killed 17 people. The police accused a group of anarchists, but the story was not that simple. In part …

    Show notes


    A deadly bomb. A death in a police station. A secret kept from the public.

    In 1969, an explosion in Milan killed 17 people. The police accused a group of anarchists, but the story was not that simple.

    In part one of this three-part mini-series on "Gli Anni Di Piombo" (The Years of Lead), we look at how this tragedy started one of the darkest times in Italian history.

    • Italy modernising fast, but divided and tense.
    • 12 December 1969: bomb at Milan’s Piazza Fontana.
    • Seventeen dead, eighty-eight injured; shock across Italy.
    • Coordinated Rome bombs; no claim; anarchists blamed.
    • Anarchist Giuseppe Pinelli dies after police questioning; controversy.
    • Pietro Valpreda arrested; weak evidence; years before acquittal.
    • Evidence pointed to far-right group Ordine Nuovo.
    • Suspected cover-ups by police and secret services.
    • Strategy of tension; suspected Gladio links; extent unclear.
    • Impact: fear, ordinary victims, start of the Years of Lead.


    Full interactive transcript, subtitles and key vocabulary available on the website: https://www.leonardoenglish.com/podcasts/piazza-fontana


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  25. #580 | Operation Valkyrie & The Plot To Kill Hitler

    22 min

    On 20 July 1944, a bomb ripped through a meeting room in Hitler’s Wolf’s Lair. This episode tells how Operation Valkyrie *almost* managed to kill Adolf Hitler, and the vicious crackdown that came afterwards …

    Show notes


    On 20 July 1944, a bomb ripped through a meeting room in Hitler’s Wolf’s Lair.


    This episode tells how Operation Valkyrie *almost* managed to kill Adolf Hitler, and the vicious crackdown that came afterwards.


    • The Wolf’s Lair meeting on 20 July 1944
    • Claus von Stauffenberg’s injuries and role in the plot
    • Setting one bomb; briefcase placed near Hitler
    • Explosion at Wolf’s Lair; Hitler survives due to briefcase moved
    • Operation Valkyrie: reserve army plan blaming SS
    • A mixed group’s reasons to remove Hitler
    • Coup starts; Goebbels phones Hitler; Remer switches sides
    • Bendlerblock firefight, arrests, executions of plotters
    • Brutal crackdown: show trials, thousands arrested, many executed
    • Haunting “what if”: ways the plot almost succeeded

    Full interactive transcript, subtitles and key vocabulary available on the website: https://www.leonardoenglish.com/podcasts/operation-valkyrie

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  26. #577 | A Short History Of Universities

    23 min

    In part one of a three-part mini-series on the theme of "university", we go on a whirlwind tour of the history of universities, from medieval student guilds in Bologna to the modern day. The University of …

    Show notes


    In part one of a three-part mini-series on the theme of "university", we go on a whirlwind tour of the history of universities, from medieval student guilds in Bologna to the modern day.


    • The University of Bologna nears its thousand-year anniversary.
    • Why universities emerged: stability, trade, rediscovered texts, Church needs.
    • Student guilds hired teachers; papal charters granted privileges, recognition.
    • Medieval curriculum and university specialisations in law, theology, medicine.
    • Renaissance humanism broadened studies beyond law and theology.
    • Scientific Revolution made universities producers of new knowledge.
    • Humboldt model united teaching and research in modern universities.
    • Post-war expansion massified higher education around the world.
    • Today: many universities, 250 million students; degrees often required.
    • UK participation reaches 50%; rising costs and student debt.

    Full interactive transcript, subtitles and key vocabulary available on the website: https://www.leonardoenglish.com/podcasts/history-of-university

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  27. #575 | The Science of Happiness: Can It Be Measured?

    23 min

    What does happiness really mean, and can it be measured? In this episode, we move from Aristotle’s eudaimonia to brain scans, surveys, big data, and what truly lifts our mood. It asks why money only helps so …

    Show notes


    What does happiness really mean, and can it be measured?

    In this episode, we move from Aristotle’s eudaimonia to brain scans, surveys, big data, and what truly lifts our mood.

    It asks why money only helps so much, why social ties matter, and how trust shapes national well-being.

    • Pleasure versus purpose happiness: Aristotle and flourishing
    • Subjective well-being: life satisfaction, positive and negative emotions
    • Surveys measure happiness; beware the memory and peak-end rule
    • Experience sampling measures happiness in the moment
    • Findings: happiest socialising, exercising, flow; least during commuting, illness
    • Money boosts happiness, then flattens at higher incomes
    • Social connections increase happiness; loneliness harms, especially during Covid
    • Household size and eating alone trends in happiness
    • Trust in others, institutions, and wallet return beliefs
    • Caring for others versus expecting care from others


    Full interactive transcript, subtitles and key vocabulary available on the website: https://www.leonardoenglish.com/podcasts/science-of-happiness

    Read the World Happiness Report here: https://www.worldhappiness.report/


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  28. #572 | Caligula | Psychopath, Sadist, Emperor

    23 min

    In part one of our three-part series on "Tyrants of the Roman Empire," we'll meet Caligula, the notorious Roman emperor known for his cruelty and excess. Once hailed as a promising leader, Caligula's reign …

    Show notes


    In part one of our three-part series on "Tyrants of the Roman Empire," we'll meet Caligula, the notorious Roman emperor known for his cruelty and excess.

    Once hailed as a promising leader, Caligula's reign quickly devolved into a nightmare, filled with public executions and humiliations.

    • Caligula's chilling dinner party threat
    • Caligula's background and rise to power
    • Tiberius's influence on young Caligula
    • Public approval and the initial Golden Age
    • Caligula's mysterious illness and recovery
    • Shift to cruelty and public humiliations
    • Caligula's obsession with divinity
    • Extravagant projects and bizarre military orders
    • Assassination by his own guard
    • Legacy of despotism and unchecked power


    Full interactive transcript, subtitles and key vocabulary available on the website: https://www.leonardoenglish.com/podcasts/caligula


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  29. #570 | DOGE | Elon Musk's Quest to Shrink the US Government

    29 min

    The Department of Governmental Efficiency, otherwise known as DOGE, was a radical plan to cut government waste and reduce spending. Where did the idea come from? How did it work? And crucially, did it do what …

    Show notes


    The Department of Governmental Efficiency, otherwise known as DOGE, was a radical plan to cut government waste and reduce spending.


    Where did the idea come from? How did it work? And crucially, did it do what it set out to do?


    • Background to DOGE: Department of Governmental Efficiency
    • Controversial email to federal employees
    • Elon Musk's influence and Twitter comparison
    • Restructuring of USDS into DOGE
    • DOGE's cost-saving objectives and claims
    • Layoffs and budget cuts in various departments
    • Criticism over foreign aid cuts and their impact
    • Accounting errors and inflated savings claims
    • Public protests and Musk's departure
    • Future of DOGE and its divisive legacy

    Full interactive transcript, subtitles and key vocabulary available on the website: https://www.leonardoenglish.com/podcasts/doge-elon-musk

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  30. #567 | Ross Ulbricht & The Silk Road | Drugs, Bitcoin & Digital Outlaws

    23 min

    Was Ross Ulbricht a visionary pioneer or a dangerous criminal? In part one of our series on "Young American Outlaws", we explore the rise and fall of the Silk Road and how Ulbricht's life sentence, followed by …

    Show notes


    Was Ross Ulbricht a visionary pioneer or a dangerous criminal?


    In part one of our series on "Young American Outlaws", we explore the rise and fall of the Silk Road and how Ulbricht's life sentence, followed by a 2025 presidential pardon, sparked fierce debate over freedom, technology, and the role of government.


    • Ross Ulbricht's LinkedIn clue
    • The concept behind The Silk Road
    • Cryptocurrency's role in anonymity
    • The structure of The Silk Road
    • Unexpected listings and control issues
    • Federal agents' Silk Road investigation
    • The arrest of Ross Ulbricht
    • Charges and the trial
    • Sentencing and pardoning
    • The wider debate on personal freedom

    Full interactive transcript, subtitles and key vocabulary available on the website: https://www.leonardoenglish.com/podcasts/silk-road

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These are the latest 100 of 321 episodes. You’ll find older episodes in the podcast’s feed.